欧洲 Europe

德国 Germany

新冠病毒会感染猪吗？ 

Can SARS-CoV-2 infect pigs?

德国弗里德里希·吕弗勒研究所(Friedrich Loeffler-Institut)发表了一份新闻稿，公布了针对新冠病毒感染研究的初步结果，结果显示，猪对该种病毒不易感。

The German research institute, Friedrich Loeffler-Institut, has released a press communication with preliminary results of infection studies that show that pigs are not susceptible to the virus.

在该研究中，研究人员给动物鼻腔接种了SARS-CoV-2，以模拟自然途径感染。随后，他们检查了这些动物是否被感染，病原体是否复制，以及这些动物是否表现出疾病症状。还检测了这些动物是否会排出病原体。

In the experimental studies, researchers inoculated the animals nasally with SARS-CoV-2 to mimic the natural route of infection. They examined whether the animals become infected, the pathogen replicates and the animals show symptoms of the disease. It was also tested whether they excrete the pathogen.

初步结果表明果蝠和雪貂会感染，而猪和鸡不会。雪貂的易感性是一个重要的发现，因为它们可以作为人类感染的模型动物来测试疫苗或药物。

Initial results indicated that fruit bats and ferrets can become infected, whereas pigs and chickens cannot. The susceptibility of ferrets, in particular, is an important finding, as they could be used as model animals for human infection to test vaccines or drugs.

最终研究报告预计于5月份发布。

Final results are expected in May 。

欧洲 EUROPE

波兰 Poland

波兰西部首家商品场爆发非洲猪瘟

First commercial farm affected in western Poland

3月23日，波兰西部(Niedoradz)的一个大型养猪场报告了首例ASF疫情，该地区距离德国边境约65公里(图1)。这是首例在商品场爆发的疫情。在此之前，ASF疫情仅发现于野猪群中，包括在该受影响猪场附近约2公里处。

On March 23, the first ASF outbreak in a large domestic pig farm was reported in western Poland (Niedoradz), located approximately 65 km from the German border (Map 1). This marked the first outbreak on a commercial farm. Until then, ASF cases had been only identified in the area’s wild boar - including in the vicinity of the affected farm, about 2 km.

经证实，该病毒已导致本场135头猪死亡，其余近2.4万头猪(包括7000头母猪)已被扑杀。因为该场最近出售了1.7万头仔猪，因此关于病毒会传播到其他猪场的情况非常令人担忧。

The virus was confirmed to have killed 135 pigs and the rest of the nearly 24,000 pigs - including 7,000 sows - were destroyed. Concern exists surrounding viral spread to other farms since it recently sold 17,000 piglets.

4月5日，总兽医督察局(GVI)网站报告了另一起疫情。这起最新的疫情发现于4月5日，猪场存栏约10000头猪，位于Poznań省的Dopiewo公社(图2)。该地点位于欧盟委员会实施决定第2014/709号(无疫区)所规定的的ASF限制区之外。目前关于此次疫情正在进一步调查中。

On April 5, another outbreak was reported in the General Veterinary Inspectorate (GVI) website. The latest case was found on April 5, on a farm of approximately 10,000 pigs, in the commune of Dopiewo, Poznań province (Map 2). The farm is located outside the areas subject to restrictions in connection with the ASF as defined in Commission Implementing Decision No. 2014/709 / EU (free area) (Map 2). The connection between outbreaks is under investigation.

图2：来源：GVI网站(https://bip.wetgiw.gov.pl/asf/mapa/)

Map 2. Source base map: GVI’s website (https://bip.wetgiw.gov.pl/asf/mapa/)

- ASF在波兰商品场的爆发情况以及目前受限制地区的覆盖范围（依据：欧盟委员会实施决定第2020/451号）受各种限制的区域：蓝色：危险区域；红色：受限区域；黄色：保护区。

- Map of ASF outbreaks in commercial farms in Poland and current coverage of restricted areas (in accordance with Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2020/451.) Designated areas under various restrictions: blue: danger area; red: restricted area; yellow: protection area.

巴布亚新几内亚在3月底报告确认爆发了ASF。前几个月，南部高地有300多头猪死亡(图3)。截至3月30日，南部高地省(Mendi、Upper Mendi和Nipa区)有1500多头猪死亡。

Papua New Guinea reports a confirmed outbreak of ASF at the end of March. More than 300 pigs had died in previous months in the Southern Highlands (Map 3). As of March 30, more than 1500 pigs have died in the Southern Highlands Province (Mendi, Upper Mendi, and Nipa districts).

部署在该区域的COVID-19宣传小组还将把ASF纳入其在全省的信息宣传活动。工作人员还在该地区采集血液样本，以确定该疾病在邻近省份的传播情况。

The COVID-19 awareness team deployed in the region will also include ASF in their information campaigns across the province. Officials are also in the area collecting blood samples to identify the spread of the disease in neighboring provinces.

高度戒备的邻国

Neighbors on high alert

由于距离巴布新几内亚非常近，澳大利亚已经加强了边境和农场生物安全措施，以防止ASF传播至澳大利亚。

Australia has ramped up border and farm biosecurity measures to prevent the spread of ASF into the country as a result of its close proximity to Papua New Guinea.

去年9月，另外两个邻国印度尼西亚和东帝汶也报告了疫情，自那以来，联邦政府宣布了一项6600万美元的应对方案，用于机场和邮件中心的安全保卫，以阻止ASF入境。到2020年7月，这笔资金将能在机场配置130名新的生物安全官员，在机场和邮件中心再配置6只探测犬，在悉尼和墨尔本邮件中心配置2台3D x光机。

Since last September when two other neighboring countries, Indonesia and Timor-Leste, reported the disease, the federal government announced a response package of further $66 million for airport and mail center security to stop ASF at the border. This funding will allow deploying 130 new biosecurity officers in airports, six more detection dogs in airports and mail centers, and two 3D X-ray machines in Sydney and Melbourne mail centers, by July 2020.

同时，由于新冠疫情，托雷斯海峡岛(澳大利亚北部领土，是澳大利亚最靠近巴布亚新几内亚的地方：图3)已经加强了生物安全措施，目前正在重新评估这些措施，以确保它们能够有效地控制巴布亚新几内亚的ASF对澳大利亚造成的风险。

Meanwhile, biosecurity measures in place in the Torres Strait Island (northern Australian territory, closest to Papua New Guinea: Map 3) have been ramped up as a result of COVID-19 and are being re-assessed to ensure they effectively manage the risk that ASF in PNG poses to Australia.

菲律宾

The Philippines

菲律宾全国已报告69例新的ASF疫情，自2019年7月首次爆发以来，截至3月30日，总共扑杀了251,450头猪。

In the country, 69 new outbreaks of ASF have been reported and as of March 30, a total of 251,450 pigs were culled since the first outbreak in July 2019.

在北部、中部和南部地区出现了新的疫情。农业部认为非法转移动物和餐厨剩余物(泔水)是疫情爆发的主要源头。

New outbreaks have been recorded in the north, central and south regions. Illegal movement of animals and feeding of catering waste (swill) were the major sources of outbreaks, according to the department of agriculture.

去年2月，总统宣布成立一个国家工作队，监督并实施有效的和协调的政策和战略，以管理、遏制和控制这类疾病的传播。

Last February, the president announced the creation of a national task force to oversee and implement effective and coordinated policies and strategies to manage, contain and control the spread of such diseases.

印度尼西亚

Indonesia 

2月5日，巴厘岛有近2,804头猪死于一种不明疾病，另有4,107头猪患病。有关当局说，这些猪在死亡前出现的症状显示出ASF症状，但尚未得到证实。

On February 5, nearly 2,804 pigs have died and 4,107 were sick in Bali from an unidentified disease. Authorities said that the symptoms exhibited by the pigs prior to their death were indicative of ASF, but has not been confirmed.

农场主担心这种疾病可能与过去几个月在北苏门答腊爆发的ASF有关，ASF已导致北苏门答腊近5万头猪死亡(根据家畜和动物卫生统计数据，估计生猪数量= 120万头(DGLAHS, 2018))。

Pig farmers were concerned that the disease could be related to the ASF fever outbreak that has resulted in the deaths of almost 50,000 pigs in North Sumatra over the past few months (estimated pig population = 1,200,000 head based on Livestock and Animal Health Statistics (DGLAHS, 2018)).

其中死亡猪只数量最多的两个县为巴东县(903)和塔巴南县(813)。其余的死亡来自吉安雅尔、登巴萨、卡兰加西姆和班利。尽管随着报告的疫情数量越来越多，准确的数字可能难以确定，但据该国官员说，疫情严重程度似乎在不断升级，因为上个月报告的死亡数量只有1,000头左右。

Most of the deaths were recorded in Badung regency (903) and Tabanan regency (813). The rest were from Gianyar, Denpasar, Karangasem, and Bangli. Though the exact numbers might be difficult to pinpoint with more cases being reported, the situation seems to be escalating as there were only around 1,000 swine deaths reported just last month, according to the country officials.

死猪的血液样本被送往北苏门答腊岛的棉兰兽医研究中心进行检测，初步检测排除了在巴厘岛常见的三种猪病，即败血症、猪瘟和猪链球菌。

Blood samples from the dead pigs were sent to the Medan Veterinary Research Center in North Sumatra to get tested after initial tests ruled out the three common diseases that usually afflicted pigs in Bali, namely septicemia epizootic, hog cholera, and streptococcus suis.

非洲猪瘟疫情下的企业永续经营——区室化战略

Business Continuity in the Face of African swine fever - Compartmentalization strategy

问题是，如果ASF在一个国家爆发，那么：

The problem is, if ASF outbreak occurs in a country：

未受影响的养猪生产者如何维持永续经营？

How do unaffected pig producers maintain business continuity?

这些养猪生产者如何保持疾病不入场，更重要的是，如何证明他们的猪场没有ASF，以便尽快恢复贸易，甚至完全避免贸易中断？

How do they exclude the disease from their farms and, importantly, show they have excluded ASF so they can get back to trading as quickly as possible, or even avoid trade disruption completely?

1. 对国际标准的考虑

Consideration of the international standards

2. 对实际情况的考虑(例如公司规模和整合度)

Practical considerations (e.g. company size and integration)

3. 生物安全计划的开发

Biosecurity plan development

4. 区室化的国家标准

National standards for compartmentalization

5. 贸易伙伴对区室化的认可

Recognition of the compartment by trading partners.

Ausvet董事总经理Madin博士认为“拥有一体化生产流程的单个公司最容易实现区室化管理。不过，行业机构和国家兽医服务机构也可以共同努力建立自愿计划，让规模较小的生产者可以参与。对于有许多生猪供应商的非一体化屠宰加工公司来说，要实现区室化管理会更加困难，但是如果该化屠宰加工公司本身是一体化的，或者只有几个主要的供应商，那么通过与生猪生产商的密切合作，区室化管理仍然是可能实现的。”

“Compartments are most easily implemented by single companies that have integrated production processes. However, there may also be scope for industry bodies and national veterinary services to working together to establish voluntary schemes that smaller producers can participate in. It will be more difficult for nonintegrated packing companies with many pork suppliers to achieve compartmentalization, but if a packing company is integrated, or has only several major suppliers, compartmentalization may still be possible through close cooperation with pork producers.”

Madin博士强调，“虽然ASF在许多猪肉生产国并不存在，但对所有企业来说，做好减缓这种疾病的影响的计划是很明智的。良好的生物安全就是一个非常好的工具，如有必要，也可以实施区室化管理。我们希望这份白皮书能帮助生产商和行业更好地理解区室化管理的意义并学习如何建立一个区室。”

Dr. Madin, Ausvet Managing Director, highlights that “While ASF is not present in many pork-producing countries, it is prudent for all businesses to plan to mitigate the impact of this disease. One suitable tool will include excellent biosecurity and may include the implementation of compartments. We hope that this white paper will help producers and industries to better understand what this means, and the process required to set up a compartment.”

创建一个ASF无疫区室需要时间，这个过程很复杂，而且需要国家兽医管理局和贸易伙伴的合作，但这是ASF的几个关键风险缓解策略之一。

Creating an ASF-free compartment can take time, is complex, and requires cooperation from the national veterinary authority and trading partners, but is one of several key risk mitigation strategies for ASF.

应对非洲猪瘟的技术白皮书（企业永续经营）：区室化管理和生物安全-来源：Ausvet and One Health Scientific Solutions (2019)

https://www.ausvet.com.au/new-guide-to-protecting-pork-export-businesses-from-the-asf-pandemic-released/

Technical White Paper Business Continuity in the Face of African swine fever: Compartmentalization and Company Biosecurity - Ausvet and One Health Scientific Solutions (2019)

https://www.ausvet.com.au/new-guide-to-protecting-pork-export-businesses-from-the-asf-pandemic-released/

欧盟野猪ASF感染阶段演变(2014-2018)

Evolution of the ASF Infection Stage in Wild Boar Within the EU (2014–2018)

本文指出，尽管多年来的监测数据表明的野猪的病死率很高（特别是在最新感染的地区），但目前的证据表明，正在流行的中等毒性的毒株可能出现非常不同的疾病表现，有些受感染的动物可以保持无症状，甚至感染之后能存活下来。该报告强调，中等毒性毒株的增加可能使ASF诊断以及疾病的缓解和控制复杂化。该报告分析了ASF存在时间较长的4个欧盟国家的野猪ASF监测数据，比较了每个区域抗体阳性报告数量的空间密度和ASF出现时间。

In this article, it’s being reported that while for a number of years surveillance data has shown high case- fatality rates in wild boar found dead, particularly in newly infected areas, current evidence suggests that circulating strains of moderate virulence may have very different presentations, showing some infected animals can remain asymptomatic and might even survive the infection. The report highlights that an increased presence of virus strains of moderate virulence can complicate ASF diagnosis as well as the mitigation and control of the disease. ASF surveillance data in wild boar in the four EU countries where ASF has been present for longer was analyzed comparing the spatial density of antibody-positive notifications with the time ASF has been present per region.

结果显示，潜在幸存猪(猎捕的野猪，检测确认PCR阴性，抗体阳性)的数量呈上升趋势，这增强了监测设计对被射杀野猪取样和测试的重要性。作者认为对ASF进行的PCR和血清学检测数据对评估野猪疫情非常重要。

Results show an increasing trend in potential survivors (hunted wild boar with confirmed PCR negative and antibody-positive results), which enhances the importance of surveillance design to sample and test shot wild boar. The authors remarked the importance of surveillance data based on ASFV detection by PCR and serology to assess the status of the epidemic in wild boar.

Marta Martínez-Avilés*, Irene Iglesias and Ana De La Torre Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), INIA, Valdeolmos, Spain ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE Front. Vet. Sci., 01 April 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00155